John Shand Kant’s Joke: Are Practical Jokes Wrong? According to Immanuel Kant, practical jokes would be considered immoral because they treat the subject as mere means to others’ enjoyment. (more...)
What Is Philosophy in Simple Words? Philosophy is a field of study that attempts to answer questions that cannot be answered by providing some fact, but that require a deeper understanding of the question. (more...)
Who is the Father (or Mother) of Philosophy? Diotima, Socrates, Plato, Aspasia of Miletus, Aristotle, Confucius and Lao Zi are the most influential figures within their respective traditions. (more...)
What Is a Valid Argument? Critical Thinking basics In a valid argument, it is not possible that the conclusion is false when the premises are true. Or, in other words: In a valid argument, whenever the premises are true, the conclusion also has to be true. (more...)
What Does ‘Stoic’ Mean? A short history of Stoicism A ‘Stoic’ attitude to life aims to achieve lasting happiness by staying calm, rational and emotionally detached, while cultivating one’s virtues. (more...)
Is Lying Ethical? Lying, deception and when they are justified Lying is generally perceived as unethical behaviour. Depending on the moral theory used, lying in special circumstances (for example, “white” lies or lies that benefit others or avert harm) might be morally justifiable. (more...)
Fallacies A fallacy in Critical Thinking is an error in argumentation that makes an argument invalid.
